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A PROMISE FUTURE DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND SPATIAL

Representation of future land uses. GIS Palm Beach County, Florida

immediate future, one of the tools to be incorporated imperatively the task of regional and town planning is to translate the findings under territorial planning a proper software tool that can manage complex databases. That role now represent geographic information systems and, therefore, will be the way to achieve a radical transformation of public land management through the implementation of land administration departments fully computerized.

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The geographic information systems (GIS) are a critical mechanism for the analysis of the territories and to allow the assignment of infinite families of determinations, data and characteristics to the ground, allowing for a multiplicity of approaches to understanding the space around us. These mechanisms for the handling of regional data, based on thematic maps are the foundation of the current explosion of geographic information geared for use by common telematic networks like the Internet.

In the case of urban and territorial planning to incorporate these features digital tools have to see, first, with the allocation possible-use regulations or, conversely, the prohibition expressly with the definition of possible actions in each plot, and, secondly, with the completion of the appropriate form of provision on the ground and limiting the intensity of uses in the buildings associated. As a result, GIS can be used very efficiently to perform ongoing management and real-time public authorizations from any changes occurring in the territory. An obvious corollary is the need to translate territorial and urban planning, those documents that establish the explicit definition of future land uses in this type of system.

However, the difficulties of both learning and managing complex and sensitive tools, along with the need for continued commitment to update the information as some administrative apparatus more likely to maintain the inertia of the past are making the implementation of databases and geographic information systems in planning is very slow. For over ten years explained the proper methodological basis for addressing this issue in a special issue of the journal City and Territory (No. 124 2000), however, the current delay in implementation in English local governments evident this serious problem that exists for overcoming the current bureaucratic public land management.

urban management with definition of urban form. Urbanized developments Tegueste PGO. Planning Consultants, Landscape and Architecture, 2009

Explaining in a simplified manner, a geographic information system for land management rests on essentially composed of two groups of components: a spatial segmentation drawn from a particular territory, constituted by independent graphic elements and non-overlapping and alphanumeric database to establish a minimum differential characteristics unique to each piece from the definition of those determinations essential. Including those relating to conditions of use and specific use at each point in that territory. Order to operate the system, a precondition is that both groups are interrelated with the assignment of codes to identify the parts link with groups of data or specific determinations.

One element that is essential for building the digital system for planning, which supports the database is complete division of the territory in separate areas, and cartographic interpretations that can be assigned different conditions and data. Taking into account the reasons for urban planning, which are often linked to the administrative management of land transformations, the fraction or fragment territorial ideal for this purpose, in principle should be the plot or property valuation.

As such, a condition in this line is the system based on the identification of land ownership, ie the use of cadastral parcel where there is a description appropriate graphic. Moreover, to establish a digital management system of this type, it should be possible to group the various parcels or portions thereof that meet the same conditions that are deemed relevant for administrative purposes. Although the cadastral parcel could be the most appropriate resource to support a land information system is not always possible because it is something that unfortunately is far from existing in most of the planet Its absence in many cases their exact identification errors property or its incompatibility with their own map databases used to describe the soil, which often have substantial differences in design, make the cadastre very doubtful support.

However, a possible second step is referred to the identification of more body parts that may hold at any point within the same real value of the determination that it is associated. It is, for example, the case of apples in more established urban soils, where the building forms and heights are similar and, therefore, the urban use assigned to all parcels comprising necessarily have the same parameter numeric.

Private residential Bonita Springs, Florida. Boston Globe, 30/09/2010

a precondition for the construction of territorial mosaic that would give substance to the information system and land administration is that it has unequivocally established the segmentation of space in two sets of independent and non-overlapping parts: The first group consists of those that make up the public domain, on one hand, in the territorial area (the coast, forests state-owned land, community pastures, roads authorities, etc..) and in urban areas themselves (parks, plazas, streets, etc.). form a second group of pieces that represent the areas of private property (farm land, apples urban, etc.).. To this must be added the components to establish and define the associated information. That is, the different characteristics of each of these parts identified and could refer to the surface, acceptable uses, maximum floor area allocated among many and multiple possible issues.

In digital systems for land administration that are associated with urban planning and rustic, these groups may be grouped or segregated areas in parts of varying size, depending on the applicable determination. For example, a question that can be accepted as part esencial de la ordenación territorial es la determinación que asigna aprovechamiento a las distintas parcelas o aquella otra que establece los usos posibles y prohibidos (residencial, comercial, etc.). Es el caso también de la asignación de un carácter urbano, urbanizable o rústico a grandes piezas de terreno en un territorio concreto.

Segmentación del puzzle de la ordenación territorial establecida de acuerdo a su integración en un Sistema de Información Geográfica. PGO de San Juan de la Rambla. Consultores de Planeamiento, Paisaje y Arquitectura, 2010

Pero pueden haber otro tipo determinations of greater complexity and less intelligible, such as those relating to management methods to be applied to achieve a higher level of urbanization of the public space, or those which are required to achieve a free soil for services and amenities without having to purchase or expropriation. This is what some have defined as findings for the management and implementation planning and must necessarily include a significant number of legal conditions that require complex data processing.

Another possibility would be to establish areas that meet minimum uniform criteria for space division. For example, you can split a specific territory traditionally assigned considering its use or that other conditions follow the adoption of specific legislation. We could target a region in the piece of land, wasteland, forest, agricultural and urban with areas used for public road networks that give them access. At each point of the territory would have a particular value system and exclusive to which we may also assign a specific use and conditions to govern the authorization of some uses and activities and the exclusion of others.

Puzzle spatial segmentation of urbanized areas and others that will join the development, planning according to which projects are critical to efficiently direct property transactions, ensuring the greatest improvement and the appropriate safeguards for individuals. Therefore, the quality and accuracy of its graphical definition is crucial to facilitate good governance of space linked to the processes of urbanization and urban transformation.

General Instruction surfaces of a municipality on the island of Tenerife. PGO of San Juan de la Rambla. Planning Consultants, Landscape and Architecture, 2010

From the foregoing, it follows that in practice there are several families of urban spatial determinations that may be associated with the application of management tools. Some have to do with general issues affecting the entire territory and other regulations which specify the conditions applicable to each piece of ground. Among the general range could be set relating to global applications and the classification and categorization of land allocated to large areas of territory that is ordered. For example, the segmentation soils environmental, scenic, agricultural, urban, coastal, etc. The other group that could adjectives as detailed arrangement relate to issues which affect the regulation of the plot in its definition and arrangement of buildings at ground potential, as it affects the establishment of the potential volumes in each case together with the specific regulation of the uses may be authorized in each parcel or lot. Also, it is feasible to establish determinations in the system of territorial management and administration to advance in the definition of the forms of land management so you can make the development and delivery of parcelas dotacionales y las calles urbanizadas a la colectividad de una manera adecuada.

Lo importante para la constitución de un sistema de información territorial útil es que sirva para la consulta rápida de las condiciones que el instrumento urbanístico y territorial establece para cada punto de terreno que se gobierna. Las administraciones públicas, y la sociedad en general, necesitan de formas de ordenación del suelo ágiles y actualizadas, que puedan hacer un uso eficiente de las capacidades informáticas existentes en nuestros días. Unas herramientas de consulta eficaces para poder dirimir lo más conveniente en cada caso con celeridad y transparencia.

Mosaic detailed planning of the historic district of San Juan. PGO of San Juan de la Rambla. Planning Consultants, Landscape and Architecture, 2010

Therefore, planning instruments should focus so they can fulfill this premise from today, to digital delivery systems, since their formulation by providing tools to your query instant verification of the conditions at any stage of administrative procedures related to approval of uses and land use on the ground.

Moreover, the bottom line is that any citizen might be able to access, in simple terms at any time, urban determinations and interpret these conditions laid down in current legislation. Ie make available the data on a specific area for a person who is not qualified specialist is no need for interpreters or intermediaries, to know that you can do there, to calculate with precision about the buildable area assigned and that Ultimately, readily available to urban data and parameters that set the value of a specific property.

The availability of those tools publicly available on the World Wide Web, the Internet is a necessary corollary to this objective and thus would provide the greater public transparency to avoid arbitrary actions that gets used from both the public sphere .--->

Large Flatbed Scanning Service

Pencil, an everyday tool

Generally, we do not usually set in the crowd of familiar instruments that accompany us in our daily lives. Often, its existence for granted, as something common, and occurred as part of our staff with vast natural landscape.

One such tool is known pencil, a tool that helps us express ourselves on a daily basis, both through drawing and writing from personal. How many billions of ideas will flow from the tips of graphite as an almost spontaneous extension of our thinking? How many millions of pictures of wonderful things have magically appeared on paper as a result of your application?

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The pen has accompanied mankind for several hundred years now. A force of habit has become a tool that does not usually pay any attention, because it tends to be omnipresent. To write, draw, write reminders, to calculate, to scratch, for ...

This little gadget escort us in this multitude of daily tasks as an extension of the hand, extending our thinking and leaving a trace of our passage through the world. However, an idea was born conceptually very simple: to protect an area with weak wood, graphite, in order to manipulate and use it to create all sorts of lines and patterns and, of course, generate the graphical system excellent communication, writing .

Surely, pencil emerge in a very different way as innovation is seen today, a time when we suffered with stoicism saturation speeches full of vacuous verbal games. Innovation strategy related to this important effort to advance and improve ourselves collectively, has been invariably buried under the avalanche of words, making truly innovative ideas are at risk of being lost in a soup of inconsistencies and gaps. I mean those presentations with stun us pundits and politicians of all stripes, which are full of acronyms invented untranslatable (as I + D + i) and end up being used as mantras to fool with the empty plot and nothing. Today, in countries advanced conditions are difficult to come up with simple things like that can make a pencil.

But true innovation probably every day when we all reflect on our work and we ask a simple way how we can simplify and improve what initially appears to be complex. Also when we run the mill in the smallest things simple so that they can produce in a different way. What happened to the pencil along the story is a shining example of this.

The pen is a stylus instrument heir to the Roman from Egypt or Mesopotamia. It was a metal spike that marked the clay or wax tablets for writing. According to Jeremy Rifkin, primitive agricultural societies had to organize more complex for large scale production of crops. An effort that involved the expertise of thousands of workers to develop hydraulic technology that supported the irrigation and with it, devising a system to allow control of common work and efficient communications. The invention of writing marked by this immense leap in the history of mankind relied on tools that have then been to over the millennia as the stylus pens that would precede our contemporaries.

The etymology of the word pen is tracked in the Latin language and its meaning is related to the stone. Indeed, graphite, which is its main ingredient, fat is a stone that leaves a dark trace on many surfaces. This quality allows its use directly as a mechanism for drawing and writing staff.

pencil English English also refers to a small brush used for writing before the discovery of graphite in the sixteenth century. The new tool that would arise from the invention of the pen also inherit their customary name the name of those writing brushes used in earlier Anglo-Saxon countries.

The largest deposit of graphite was discovered in Borrowdale, England in 1665 and its initial applications were related to the molds for the manufacture of guns because of its excellent purity. This condition made her have a strategic character and its direct control by the English crown. According to historical account information provided by the Cumberland Pencil Museum, the legend says that a violent storm brought to light the roots of trees covered by a strange black material. This material would appear to be graphite I begin to use the shepherds to mark their sheep.

however, was in Italy where there was innovation that would define the technical basis of the instrument: a piece of wood coated graphite for better handling and control. At first it seems to be hollowed sticks to enter the mineral and bars, and subsequently end up carving two symmetrical semicircular pieces of wood in the solution finally encolarían standardized. This is the manufacturing technology that has remained virtually unchanged until today.

The extent of use throughout Europe in the centuries XVII and XVIII, and other impurities from continental deposits discovered later, forced to grind the material and its reconstitution and hardening clay. A mixture that arises from the need in France during the Napoleonic wars. The inspiration for this new innovation is at the beginning of one of the brands of such gadgets, Nicholas Conte. An engineer who established the ratio between the two materials and the creation of a code from the resultant hardness is the basis of common identification system.

mid-century XVII, Lothar von Faber begin a dynasty of German craftsmen, manufacturers of pencils. Von Faber Pencil add other simple innovations. For example, the hexagonal shape of the part to facilitate a better routine use. The laterally flattened cylindrical shape could eliminate the pencils rodasen the tables and ended up losing easily. But Faber, and then mark that would follow, Faber-Castell, provided that not only improves but set rules for the standardization of size, thickness and degree to which they are accustomed today.

Another contribution, shapes and designs improved pencil von Faber, has not been widely recognized and is referred to the addition of a small eraser on one end. However, in the United States where it has become more an identity and where that idea was eventually patented in the late nineteenth century, but it was recognized at its true discoverer.

Since then the German region of Stein near Nuremberg, has continued to manufacture the best pencils, and then come the reference marks that are used heavily and are a symbol of the highest quality. Names like Faber-Castell, Staedtler and Lyra now account for massive global market for this tool.

According el semanario The Economist, actualmente se producen más de 15.000 millones de lápices anualmente, de los que un 15% son de la firma Faber Castell. La potencia de esta marca se fundamenta tanto en su reconocimiento mundial como una referencia de calidad como en el continuo esfuerzo para lograr pequeñas innovaciones.

Durante los últimos cien años, el fabricante Faber-Castell ha seguido trabajando en logar pequeñas mejoras para ese instrumento. Una de sus aportaciones más recientes es la que se refiere al llamado EcoPencil que se basa en el uso de madera certificada ecologicamente por el Forest Stewardship Council. Para la fabricación del EcoPencil se han puesto en cultivo 10.000 hectáreas de bosque reforestado sobre un terreno brasileño anteriormente estéril. Una iniciativa que aporta a la marca un carácter sostenible y responsable frente a la devastación de recursos que actualmente padecemos. Algo parecido está haciendo más recientemente con el uso para los lápices de barnices y lacas libres de toxinas y biodegradables que se supone hacen más felices a los padres, que observan como sus hijos mantienen esa tradición de roer continuamente sus extremos.

EcoPencil. De Treehugger

Una última innovación curiosa de Faber-Castell the instrument is the addition of rubber dot pattern on its outer casing to make it more ergonomic to help reduce the effects of human sweat sliding on its surface, thereby diminishing the slip by the palm.

As we can see, the pencils have evolved greatly over time and associated innovations have also been an overwhelming simplicity, but so are no less important. It is surprising, for example, that the mere fact of turning the cylindrical shape of its support in a hexagonal prism Lignea was a great advance in general management and conservation. Currently, we also experience with the option triangular as an alternative that may be popular among children to better adapt to their small and rounded hands.

From the above we can deduce that the story of the pencil is indicative of what may be the true role of applied research. As its progressive transformation to the forms and current standards is a continuous narrative of small and simple addition of contributions that are based on simple evidence of ingenuity. One way of continuous improvement that has nothing to do with these complicated paraphernalia that we want to sell and the structures necessary to produce innovation.

Basically, we could infer that the promoters seek public that speech really linked to the famous triad of Research, Development and Innovation, is the creation of new bureaucracies for the more restricted control of scarce collective resources that, therefore, serve as an argument for new administrative privileges .--->

What Ares Some Stuff U Can Use Fro Masterbation

DIGITAL URBAN AND TRANSPARENCY

Private residential Bonita Springs, Florida. Image: Boston.com

recent widespread dissemination of machines for handling all types of data has introduced the possibility of an orderly structure any system that involves the massive use of information. Therefore, also the design of mechanisms for management and automated access to spatial information has become the next challenge for urban planning and in general for land management in the field of public administration.

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A systematic spatial adapted to their management through computer applications today is a major challenge for the government of the territory in the advanced countries. However, in a general way, are still using inadequate tools for the control and management of this massive information associated with land use and land use. It would appear that administrative inertia were a burden difficult to overcome in this field.

In countries like Spain, for example, the legal control of the territory has traditionally relied registration of urban property and rustic, the land taxes related to partners and, more recently, through specific planning instruments to facilitate the administration in the municipal area. This is the case of general and partial plans of management, which usually not exceed a defined level of instrumental and basic document for the possible computerized traffic management private land.

registration bases are an essential tool for the management of private transfers ownership of the land while the land cadastre is a tool linked to public finance that allows the state to allocate tax to the ground in a fair, in taking into account the actual possession of each. Both tools are essential to allow these private goods traffic on proven and reliable basis and therefore, access other services that rely on the property relating to property, such as financial. In many countries, both the records of the property and the land are nonexistent or unreliable, and that fact is a significant deficit for the social development of the territories, as they have understood some. There are already some altruistic efforts that seek to contribute to developing this type of collective services in an efficient and reliable. This is the case Institute for Liberty and Democracy that from Peru promotes more efficient and honest system to extend the guarantees on the rights of land ownership among the poor and disadvantaged.

Cadastral Parcel in the Eixample district in the city Barcelona. Source: BCN Pic

property records and public land services are, in themselves, examples of regional databases, essential for proper management of the soil. That is, the collection lasting, steady and reliable data on the distribution of land ownership can act with the minimum conditions of security. This task has traditionally been held in written records and other analog systems in nature that take into account the reference and cartographic maps of a nominal way. Today, the availability of advanced digital mapping allows associate those databases on land ownership in identifying precise geometry of each plot. In many places it has already developed the huge task of transferring the information collected on the ground to cartographic approved. A major problem is usually presented is the dump information using diverse cartographic references and maps, which have no unit approval, making disparate and incompatible new data layers drawn with other concerned.

PGO urban zoning of Lerida. 2005. Urban Review No. 13

In regard to instruments related to the planning discipline that have been incorporated into land management since the mid-nineteenth century, the tools have not evolved according to the capabilities available now, computer and digital character. Today, it continues to project massive land use and urbanization using ideas, concepts, and tools from the ways and methods inherited from the past.

But is that there are contradictions and overlaps that prevent clarify the purpose and scope of technical and administrative tools. As an example, the English space law, from the second half of the twentieth century, has designed the master plans of management as a desirable advance of urban development in the various municipal districts. The plan would establish a diagnosis and objectives to decide the best option for the provision of new residential and economic areas based on a preliminary analysis of the various components that may have an influence on the growth of cities (geographical, economic, demographic, etc.).. Alongside this, the planning instrument would also define the elements that ensure proper functionality and structure as a whole, new roads, provisions group, etc.; also would provide a basic definition of the terms of use and exploitation of the various areas tidy.

A very weak and questionable to ensure proper planning which in turn guide the development of urbanization while also comply with the task of determining the scope of property rights in different parts of soil that make up a municipality. With this dual responsibility to plan fails in anticipating future developments and it also fails as a management tool, designed to collaterally assign new urban land use. Therefore, the English urban system has degenerated over time into a quagmire of petty corruption and arbitrariness that weigh negatively territorial future of this country.

Worse, during the years in Spain, town planning and associated instruments have been gradually abandoning the planner component to become almost exclusively on mechanisms for the allocation of new uses and exploitation of certain parts Selected soil in an irrational and random. This process of administrative allocation of use is a source of enrichment not only notable production costs. Revaluations are specified in a surplus over urban generated virtually from scratch. A kind of contemporary philosopher's stone being searched hard for owners of land monopoly and its partners needed. Here, as in many other places, the mere classification of a floor area as urban or urbanized of the generation of huge income, a fact which is at the foundation of the attractive real estate speculation with the territory. Is this a glitch mechanism in the lee of the growth of cities, which are the result of collective effort but, based on which private operators strenuously try to appropriate this new wealth, with the collateral consequences fraud countless technical and administrative also supported politically in many cases. Speculation on the ground is not a new situation, but which over two hundred years of experience planning has failed to establish adequate control.

Until you change these legal conditions that support the processes of urbanization in our country, the only way to combat this private ownership, improper and excessive, income can only be the establishment of maximum transparency with precise definition of these gains to try the maximum return to the community of wealth. And here are beginning to have a fundamental role digital public systems, geographical and territorial, based on massive information on the ground. The construction of urban databases, easily accessible by the universal query would have a collective and more efficient control of urban development. And with that, arguments for a better collective reversion to the public sphere of capital gains.

id all registered property on the island of Tenerife on public maps approved. Geographic Information System Network Canary public company GRAFCAN

A technical tool to collaborate effectively in the preceding business objective is providing the tools called geographic information systems and software based on widely available. One such system is a set of digital resources that enable an adequate exploitation of spatially mapped data. With them, you can do complex analysis on the geographic and spatial distribution of different issues territorial equivalent. For example, population distribution, nature and environmental richness of forest soils, etc. In recent years this simple method of assigning specific spatial data has led to an exponential explosion of the use and exploitation of spatial information available. Just remember what they mean tools like Google Earth or Maps to understand the scope of the change.

But is that the incorporation of urban planning and spatial geographic information systems allow easy access and almost immediate information on the ground. Once constructed the spatial database, available on the Internet does not require great efforts. Moreover the construction of a database-oriented urban to its daily management could allow any transformation or change in land use and land use could be reflected in a short period of time.

Taken to its extreme, this digital information systems in the network could provide a method of transmitting that knowledge essential to the community concerning land management and government in the growth of urbanization. A difficult instrument dark action of those who seek to gain advantage in precisely this privileged information today is restricted to urban planning departments linked to the municipalities.

Favela en la costa de Río de Janeiro. Foto: J.K. Johnson, Flickr--->